Succinct Description of UTF-8 Encoding

UTF-8 is actually a pretty neat way to encode text. Its clever design leads to several interesting properties. Notably of which, at least to me, is that all ASCII files are already UTF-8 encoded.

  Unicode code points    |       UTF-8 encoding (binary)
--------------------------------------------------------------
        00-7F ( 7 bits)  |                            0tuvwxyz
    0080-07FF (11 bits)  |                   110pqrst 10uvwxyz
    0800-FFFF (16 bits)  |          1110jklm 10npqrst 10uvwxyz
010000-10FFFF (21 bits)  | 11110efg 10hijklm 10npqrst 10uvwxyz